Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the properties and interactions of atomic nuclei in molecules. It provides detailed information about the local magnetic environments of specific atomic nuclei, which can be used to determine molecular structures, dynamics, and other properties. The basis of NMR spectroscopy lies in the …

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Introduction The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens and foreign substances [1]. It comprises two primary components: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. These two systems collaborate closely, each with its unique functions and mechanisms [1][2]. …

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The human immune system is a remarkable defense mechanism that protects our bodies from harmful substances and foreign invaders. One of the key players in this intricate system is the antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin. Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, known as …

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The Term ‘Immunitas’ Means Exempt Immunity, derived from the Latin term “immunitas,” holds various meanings and interpretations across different domains. Its historical roots can be traced back to the 14th century when it was introduced as a legal term, signifying exemption from certain obligations or liabilities [1]. Over time, the term has expanded in scope …

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  ## **Introduction** The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. One remarkable feature of the immune system is its ability to remember past encounters with specific pathogens and mount a more rapid and effective response …

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Effector Responses: Understanding the Appropriate Immune System Reaction The immune system is a complex network of defense mechanisms that protects our bodies from harmful pathogens and diseases. It has the remarkable ability to identify and eliminate foreign invaders while maintaining tolerance to self-components. One crucial aspect of the immune system is its ability to mount …

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